Fig. 2

Intraoperative picture and illustrations. A 7-cm-skin incision was made along the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The left common carotid artery (LCCA) was exposed and taped. Then, the aberrant left vertebral artery was easily exposed using the back side of the LCCA as a marker of the lower end of the thyroid cartilage. The left cubclavian artery was exposed at the other subclavian skin incision