Fig. 2

Surgical procedure for single-stage cavernostomy and coverage with combined fat pad and muscle flap. A A fistula at the apex of the lung (white arrow). B A cavernostomy was performed on the ruptured cavity including aspergilloma (white arrows). C A free fat pad was harvested from the skin incision and filled into the ruptured cavity including aspergilloma (black arrowheads). D–F A pedicled latissimus dorsi muscle flap (white arrowheads) was filled into the thoracic space as a cover for the fat pad (black arrowheads). The black arrow shows a drainage tube placed in the thoracic space