Table 1 Summary of therapeutic procedures for EMF

OTSC

42.9% (n = 108)

Simple

Not suitable for fistula hole larger than 20 mm

Difficult to remove when unsuccessful

Wound less than 20 mm

Without inflammation and abscesses

[13, 14]

SEMS

81.1% (n = 340)

Oral intake available

Stent migration and dislocation

With inflammation but without abscesses

[15, 16]

EVT (Intraluminally or intracavity)

94.2% (n = 52)

Low incidence of major complications

Oral intake unavailable

Localized abscesses endoscopically accessible

[7, 17]